La filiación derivada de gestación por sustitución: posesión de estado e interés del menor, orden público y derechos fundamentales / La filiació derivada de gestació per substitució: possessió d'estat i interès del menor, ordre públic i drets fonamentals / Filiation derived from gestational surrogacy: Possession of status and interest of the minor, public order and fundamental rights

El Tribunal Supremo español aborda un caso de gestación por sustitución en el que, una vez nacido el niño en un país extranjero, se reclama judicialmente la filiación materna en España para la mujer comitente o madre de intención, con la que no tiene vínculo jurídico, con base en la posesión de estado. En el asunto que resuelve la STS de 31 de marzo de 2022, la vía elegida por la parte demandante no es el reconocimiento de la filiación ya establecida por las autoridades extranjeras donde ha tenido lugar el nacimiento, sino la reclamación judicial de la maternidad, manifestada por la posesión de estado, en interés del menor. Ello obliga a analizar si la posesión de estado es un mecanismo de determinación de la filiación, y si el interés del menor debe llevar ineludiblemente a atribuir la maternidad legal a la mujer que desempeña el rol de madre, aun careciendo de vínculo genético. La STS incluye otras afirmaciones acerca del orden público y la vulneración de derechos fundamentales que, aun siendo importantes porque revelan la posición del más alto tribunal, no son relevantes para resolver el caso planteado.(AU)

El Tribunal Suprem espanyol aborda un cas de gestació per substitució en el qual, una vegada nascut elnen en un país estranger, es reclama judicialment la filiació materna a Espanya per a la dona comitent o mare d'intenció, amb la qual no té vincle jurídic, amb base en la possessió d'estat. En l'assumpte que resol la STS de 31 de març de 2022, la via triada per la part demandant no és el reconeixement de la filiació ja establerta per les autoritats estrangeres on ha tingut lloc el naixement, sinó la reclamació judicial de la maternitat, manifestada per la possessió d'estat, en interès del menor. Això obliga a analitzar si la possessió d'estat és un mecanisme de determinació de la filiació, i si l'interès del menor ha de portar ineludiblement a atribuir la maternitat legal a la dona que exerceix el rol de mare, fins i tot mancant de vincle genètic. La STS inclou altres afirmacions sobre l'ordre públic i la vulneració de drets fonamentals que, fins i tot sent importants perquè revelen la posició del més alt tribunal, no són rellevants per a resoldre el cas plantejat.(AU)

The Spanish Supreme Court deals with a case of surrogacy in which, once the child is born in a foreign country, the maternal filiation in Spain is judicially claimed for the intended mother absent any genetic link based on the possession of status. In the case resolved by the Spanish Supreme Court of March 31, 2022, the legal path chosen by the claimant is not the recognition of filiation as established by the foreign authoritieswhere the birth has taken place, but the judicial claim of maternity, manifested by the possession of status, in the child’s best interest. This makes it necessary to analyse whether the appearance of filiation is a mechanism for determining filiation, and whether the child’s best interest must inevitably lead to attributing legal maternity to the woman who plays the role of mother, even without a genetic link. The Spanish Supreme Court also refers to public order and how surrogacy violates fundamental rights, arguments which, although important because they reveal the position of the highest court, are not relevant in this particular case.(AU)

In Vitro Fertilisation with Reception of Oocytes from Partner: A Transnational Case of Female Shared Biological Motherhood.

The social evolution of the concept of "the family" and changes in attitudes towards homosexual couples have expanded the range of people permitted to gain access to assisted reproduction technologies, encouraging the creation of blended families. "Reception of Oocytes from Partner" (ROPA) is a treatment that permits female couples to become active participants in the reproductive process and have a biological connection to their child. This article reports a case of transnational shared motherhood, in which the Italian Supreme Court (Application no 19599, Supreme Court of Cassation, First Civil Chamber, 2016), dealt for the first time with a same-sex couple's request concerning the recognition of a legal child-relationship with a child conceived through in vitro fertilisation with ROPA. Although Italian law bans assisted reproduction technologies for same-sex couples, the Court acceded to the request of the couple on the basis of its evaluation of what was in the best interests of the child.

Changes in public order after the opening of an overdose monitoring facility for people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND: In the face of an increasingly fatal opioid crisis, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) opened the Supportive Place for Observation and Treatment (SPOT), a unique low-threshold harm reduction program for monitoring people who have injected drugs and are at imminent risk of overdose. This study examines the impact of the opening of the SPOT program on measures of injection drug-related public order in the neighborhood surrounding the facility. METHODS: Data was collected at 10 weeks prior and 12 weeks post SPOT implementation on: number of over-sedated individuals in public, publicly discarded syringes, publicly discarded injection-related litter, and instances of active injection drug use or exchange of drugs. Changes were evaluated using Poisson log-linear regression models. Potential confounders such as weather and police presence were measured and controlled for. RESULTS: The average number of over-sedated individuals observed in public significantly decreased by 28% (4.3 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.7-6.9] v 3.1 [CI 1.4-6.8]) after SPOT opened. The opening of SPOT did not have a significant effect on the other measures of public order. The daily average number of publicly discarded syringes (28.5 [CI 24.5-33.1] v 28.4 [CI 22.0-36.5]), pieces of publicly discarded injection-related litter (376.3 [CI 358.6-394.8] v 375.0 [CI 345.8-406.6]), and observed instances of active use or exchange of drugs (0.2 [CI 0.1-0.9] v 0.1 [CI 0.0-0.1]) were not statistically significantly different after the opening of SPOT. CONCLUSIONS: The opening of SPOT was associated with a significant decrease in observed over-sedated individuals. Other measures of injection-drug related public order did not improve or worsen with the opening of SPOT, however, they have been shown to improve with the implementation of a supervised injection facility.

Delito, seguridad, orden público e “inmigración limítrofe” en argentina (1976-1995) / Crime, security, public order and “neighbouring inmigration” in Argentina (1976-1995)

Inspirado en la noción de pensamiento de Estado propuesta por Abdelmalek Sayad, el artículo muestra cómo se ha constituido la relación entre “inmigración limítrofe”, “delito”, “seguridad” y “orden público” entre el año 1976 y el año 1995 en Argentina. A partir de un análisis decretos y resoluciones del Poder Ejecutivo, como así también proyectos del Poder Legislativo se busca reflexionar sobre la centralidad de las categorías nacionales o nacionalistas en la construcción de la “inmigración limítrofe” como una amenaza, ya sea desde el punto de vista de la seguridad nacional o de la inseguridad a partir de la década de 1990.(AU).

Inspired by the notion of thinking State proposed by Abdelmalek Sayad, the article shows how it has been the relationship between "neighbouring immigration", "crime" and "security" between 1976 and 1995. From a decrees and resolutions of the executive branch analysis, as well as projects of the legislature, seeks to reflect on the centrality of national categories or nationalists in the construction of the "border immigration" as a threat, either from the point of view of national security or insecurity from the 1990s.(AU).

La misión de la Policía de los colombianos debe ser renovada? / Should the mission of the Colombian Police be renewed? / A missão da Polícia dos Colombianos deve ser renovada?

Problema. El deterioro de la convivencia y de la civilidad, impulsado por nuevas formas delincuenciales, requiere respuestas sobre el papel de la policía, incluidas las relacionadas con la renovación de la misión institucional. El artículo argumenta que la misión esencial, entendida como identidad dura, ha de mantenerse intacta, mientras que la misión coyuntural, vinculada a la estrategia y a la táctica como expresiones de identidad blanda, ha de adecuarse a las exigencias cambiantes de la sociedad. Metodología. La argumentación está sostenida en una reflexión teórica y doctrinal con referencias empíricas. Resultados. La convivencia y la civilidad están debilitadas frente a la explosión de agresores que dejan víctimas inocentes y una deslegitimación institucional. Conclusiones. La civilidad y la convivencia deberían replantearse, no solamente desde la institución policial, sino también, y este aspecto es fundamental, desde instancias de la sociedad y del Estado que respondan a una mirada multidimensional.

Problem. The deterioration of coexistence and civility as driven by new criminal forms demands answers relating to the role of the police, including those associated with the renewal of their institutional mission. In this article, it is argued that this essential mission understood as a hard identity has to be kept intact, while the conjunctural mission connected with strategy and tactics as soft identity expressions has to adapt to the changing demands of society. Methodology. The argumentation is supported by a theoretical and doctrinal thought with empirical references. Results. Coexistence and civility have been weakened in the face of aggressors leaving behind innocent victims and institutional delegitimization. Conclusions. Both civility and coexistence should be revised and rethought not only from the police institution but also –and this is essential– from society and State entities capable of responding to a multidimensional look.

Problema. A deterioração da convivência e da civilidade, impulsionado pelas novas formas delinquenciais, requer respostas no papel da polícia, incluindo as relacionadas à renovação da missão institucional. O artigo discute que a missão essencial, compreendida como a identidade dura, tem que permanecer intacta, enquanto a missão conjuntural, vinculada à estratégia e às táticas como expressões da identidade leve, tem que se adaptar às exigências variáveis da sociedade. Metodologia. A argumentação está sustentada em uma reflexão teórica e doutrinal com referências empíricas. Resultados. A convivência e civilidade estão enfraquecidas à frente da explosão dos agressores que deixam vítimas inocentes e uma deslegitimação institucional. Conclusões. A civilidade e a convivência teriam que ser reformuladas, não somente desde a instituição policial, mas também, e este aspecto é fundamental, desde instâncias da sociedade e do Estado que respondem a uma olhada multidimensional.

La seguridad ciudadana y las Fuerzas Armadas: ¿despropósito o último recurso frente a la delincuencia organizada? / Citizen security and the Armed Forces: a nonsense or the last resource in the face of organized crime? / A segurança cidadã e as Forças Armadas: ¿absurdo ou o último recurso frente à delinquência organizada?

A pesar de la heterogeneidad casuística existente a nivel internacional con relación al papel desempeñado por las Fuerzas Armadas, su dedicación y empleo (o la decisión de no hacerlo) en la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada en concreto genera, al día de hoy, no pocas controversias. Defensores y detractores esgrimen razones y argumentos para defender el rol que se desea otorgar a las Fuerzas Armadas (o arrogarse estas mismas, según cada caso), como proveedoras de seguridad ciudadana frente al crimen organizado. Su inicial empleo en la confrontación contra el tráfico de drogas por todo el mundo ha propiciado el debate sobre su plena inmersión en la lucha contra toda tipología de delincuencia organizada, lo cual ha generado, de facto, diversos escenarios. Se pretende hacer una reflexión al aire de los pros y contras que se derivan de la implicación de las Fuerzas Armadas en la lucha contra la criminalidad organizada, extraídos del análisis casuístico de los principales escenarios vigentes en el mundo, tratando de identificar cuál de todos los posibles marcos de actuación marcará la tendencia en la escena internacional, acerca de cuál debe ser el compromiso de las Fuerzas Armadas frente a la criminalidad organizada, y cómo deben ejecutarlo.

Despite the casuistic heterogeneity existing at the international level with respect to the role played by the Armed Forces around the world, their dedication and use (or the decision not to use them) in the fight specifically against organized crime triggers today many controversies. Both supporters and opponents put forward reasons and arguments to defend or attack the purpose of giving or denying the Armed Forces any such role. Their original use in the confrontation against drug trafficking worldwide has fostered the debate about their full immersion in the war against any and all typology of organized crime; this, in fact, has created diverse scenarios. The article is intended to throw a thought into the air about the pros and cons deriving from Armed Forces involvement in the fight against organized criminality as taken from the casuistic analysis of the main scenarios still in force in the world, by trying to identify which of all the possible action frameworks may mark the trend on the international stage to be followed with regard to what the commitment of the Armed Forces at large must be and how should they play their role accordingly.

Apesar da heterogeneidade casuística existente no nível internacional com relação ao papel jogado pelas Forças Armadas, a dedicação e uso deles (ou a decisão de não fazê-lo) na luta contra a delinquência organizada no detalhe gera, a hoje, não poucas controvérsias. Os defensores e os detratores usam razões e argumentos para defender o papel que é desejado conceder às Forças Armadas (ou atribuí-las, de acordo com cada caso), como fornecedores da segurança cidadã frente ao crime organizado. Seu uso inicial na confrontação contra o tráfego de drogas em todo o mundo causou o debate sobre a imersão total na luta contra toda tipologia da delinquência organizada, que gerou, de facto, diversos cenários. Pretende-se fazer uma reflexão ao ar dos prós e contras que são derivados da implicação das Forças Armadas na luta contra a criminalidade organizada, extraídos da análise casuéstico dos principais cenários vigentes no mundo, tentando identificar qual dos possíveis marcos de atuação a tendência na cena internacional, sobre o qual deve ser o compromisso das Forças Armadas à frente da criminalidade organizada, e como devem executá-lo.